Joko Widodo Pendidikan

general election

In 2018, Jokowi announced that he would run for re-election next year. His vice president Jusuf Kalla was not eligible for another term because of the term limits set for president and vice president. Kalla had already served a five-year term as vice president during Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono's first term (2004–2009). Speculation surrounding Jokowi's choice of running mate focused on several candidates, including Mahfud MD, a former defence minister and chief justice of the Constitutional Court. In a surprise move, Jokowi announced that Ma'ruf Amin would be his running mate. Mahfud had reportedly been preparing for the vice-presidential candidacy. Ma'ruf was selected instead following a push by several constituent parties of Jokowi's governing coalition and influential Islamic figures.[96] Explaining his decision, Jokowi referred to Ma'ruf's extensive experience in government and religious affairs.[97]

The KPU officially announced that the Joko Widodo-Ma'ruf Amin ticket had won the election in the early hours of 21 May 2019.[98] The official vote tally was 85 million votes for Jokowi (55.50%) and 68 million votes for Prabowo (44.50%).[99] Supporters of Prabowo protested in Jakarta against the result, and it turned into a riot which left eight people dead and over 600 injured.[100] Following the protests, Prabowo's campaign team launched a Constitutional Court lawsuit but was rejected in its entirety.[101]

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President of Indonesia from 2014 to 2024

Joko Widodo (Indonesian: [ˈdʒoko wiˈdodo]; born Mulyono on 21 June 1961), popularly known as Jokowi, is an Indonesian politician, engineer, and businessman who served as the seventh president of Indonesia from 2014 to 2024. Previously a member of the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDI-P), he was the country's first president to not emerge from the country's political or military elite. He previously served as governor of Jakarta from 2012 to 2014 and mayor of Surakarta from 2005 to 2012.

Jokowi was born and raised in a riverside slum in Surakarta. He graduated from Gadjah Mada University in 1985, and married his wife, Iriana, a year later.[2][3] He worked as a carpenter and a furniture exporter before being elected mayor of Surakarta in 2005.[4][5] He achieved national prominence as mayor and was elected governor of Jakarta in 2012,[6] with Basuki Tjahaja Purnama as vice governor.[7][8] As governor, he reinvigorated local politics, introduced publicised blusukan visits (unannounced spot checks)[9] and improved the city's bureaucracy, reducing corruption in the process. He also introduced a universal healthcare program, dredged the city's main river to reduce flooding, and inaugurated the construction of the city's subway system.[10]

In 2014, Jokowi was nominated as the PDI-P's candidate in that year's presidential election,[11] choosing Jusuf Kalla as his running mate. Jokowi was elected over his opponent, Prabowo Subianto, who disputed the outcome of the election, and was inaugurated on 20 October 2014.[12][13] Since taking office, Jokowi has focused on economic growth and infrastructure development as well as an ambitious health and education agenda.[14] On foreign policy, his administration has emphasised "protecting Indonesia's sovereignty,"[15] with the sinking of illegal foreign fishing vessels[16] and the prioritising and scheduling of capital punishment for drug smugglers. The latter was despite intense representations and diplomatic protests from foreign powers, including Australia and France.[17][18] He was re-elected in 2019 for a second five-year term, again defeating Prabowo Subianto.[19]

Near the end of his second presidential term, however, his relationship with PDI-P deteriorated because he supported Prabowo for his 2024 presidential campaign, instead of his own party's presidential candidate, Ganjar Pranowo; Jokowi's elder son, Gibran Rakabuming Raka, even ran as Prabowo's vice-presidential candidate.[20] On 22 April 2024, after the Constitutional Court rejection over all claims and disputes related to the 2024 presidential election, the PDI-P Honorary Council declared that both Jokowi and Gibran would no longer be PDI-P members,[21][22] thus, confirming their separation from PDI-P. Despite that, in their termination, Jokowi and Gibran are still allowed to retain their membership card, because the PDI-P still honored them as the sitting/outgoing president and incoming vice president respectively. However, their cards now do not grant them any rights within the party.[23] The full expulsion is declared completed on 4 December 2024.[24]

Early life, education, and career

Jokowi was born and raised in Surakarta, a city in the center of Java northeast of Yogyakarta. His father was a wood seller who plied his trade in the city’s streets, and throughout much of Jokowi’s childhood he and his family lived in illegally built shacks near the city’s flood-prone Solo River. Later, when he entered politics, his populist appeal was rooted in part to those humble beginnings.

Jokowi applied himself at school and won admittance to Gadjah Mada University in Yogyakarta, from which he graduated (1985) with a degree in forestry engineering. For several years he worked for a state-owned pulp mill in the Aceh region of northern Sumatra, and he later established his own furniture factory in Surakarta. By 2002 he had become a highly successful furniture exporter, with showrooms on several continents, as well as chairman of a local branch of the country’s influential furniture manufacturers’ association.

In 2005 Jokowi, as a member of the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (Partai Demokrasi Indonesia-Perjuangan; PDI-P), won election as mayor of Surakarta—the first person to be directly elected to that post. He was extraordinarily effective in reducing crime and attracting foreign tourists to the city. His habit of making spontaneous visits to poor neighborhoods and his refusal to accept a salary for his public service contributed to his reputation for humility and honesty. In 2010 Jokowi was reelected mayor with more than 90 percent of the vote. He was later ranked as the third best mayor in the world by the international City Mayors Foundation. During his gubernatorial run in Jakarta in 2012, Jokowi began to be widely compared in the media to U.S. President Barack Obama, in part because there was a physical resemblance but also because Jokowi largely fit the Obama mold as a charismatic nontraditional politician. Jokowi ousted the incumbent, Fauzi Bowo, in the second round of that election, and, as governor of Jakarta, he launched programs aimed at improving Jakartans’ access to health care and education.

In 2014 the PDI-P selected Jokowi to be its candidate for the Indonesian presidential election, which was held on July 9. He was swept to victory with more than 53 percent of the popular vote, defeating former general Prabowo Subianto. Though Subianto alleged that there had been widespread vote rigging and formally challenged the election result, the country’s Constitutional Court unanimously rejected his claim in August, clearing the way for Jokowi to take office on October 20. As Jokowi entered the presidency, he identified clamping-down on corruption as among his top priorities and as a necessary step to attract more foreign direct investment to the country. He also pushed a nine-point plan for Indonesia that emphasized helping the poor by improving public services, implementing land reforms, and developing more-affordable housing, among other measures.

Keluarga Joko Widodo adalah orang-orang yang memiliki hubungan keluarga dengan Presiden Indonesia Joko Widodo (Jokowi), yang termasuk di dalamnya adalah istri, anak, menantu, adik, orang tua, kakek-nenek, paman-bibi, maupun hubungan keluarga yang terikat secara hukum seperti yang ditimbulkan setelah pernikahan yang sah menurut hukum yang berlaku, misalnya ipar dan besan. Selain itu, ada beberapa keluarga angkat yang tercipta karena hubungan sosial dan budaya.

Joko Widodo menikahi Iriana di Solo, Jawa Tengah pada 24 Desember 1986. Mereka mempunyai tiga orang anak, yakni Gibran Rakabuming Raka, Kahiyang Ayu, dan Kaesang Pangarep.[1] Gibran menikah dengan Selvi Ananda pada tahun 2015, dan Kahiyang menikah dengan Bobby Nasution pada tahun 2017. Kemudian Kaesang menikah dengan Erina Gudono pada tahun 2022.

Gibran Rakabuming Raka (lahir 1 Oktober 1987) adalah putra sulung dari Joko Widodo. Ia lulus dari Management Development Institute of Singapore (MDIS) pada tahun 2007 dan kemudian melanjutkan studinya ke University of Technology Insearch, Sydney, Australia hingga lulus pada tahun 2010. Ia mencalonkan diri dan memenangkan jabatan sebagai Walikota Solo.[2] Gibran juga mencalonkan diri sebagai Calon Wakil Presiden Republik Indonesia, bersama Prabowo Subianto, yang sebagai Calon Presiden Republik Indonesia.

Selvi Ananda (lahir 9 Januari 1989) adalah menantu pertama Joko Widodo dan istri dari anak sulung Jokowi, Gibran Rakabuming Raka. Ia adalah putri dari pasangan Fransiska Sri Partini dan Ignatius Didit Supriyadi.[3] Ia merupakan alumnus Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Ekonomi AUB dan dinobatkan menjadi pemenang kontes Putri Solo pada tahun 2009.[4] Ia berpindah dari agama Katolik Roma ke Islam sebelum menikah dengan Gibran.[5]

Kahiyang Ayu (lahir 20 April 1991)[6] adalah anak kedua dan putri satu-satunya dari Joko Widodo. Ia merupakan mahasiswa Universitas Sebelas Maret yang wisuda dengan IPK 3,12 pada tanggal 17 Desember 2013.[7] Kemudian pada 25 September 2019, ia lulus magister dengan predikat Cum laude (sangat memuaskan) dengan IPK 3,90 di Sekolah Bisnis Institut Pertanian Bogor, bersama-sama dengan suaminya, Bobby Nasution.[8] Ia berhasil menyelesaikan S2-nya selama 23 bulan dengan tesis yang berjudul "Analisis Strategi dan Daya Saing Perkebunan Tebu (Studi Kasus PTPN X Surabaya)".

Pada 8 November 2017, Kahiyang menikah dengan seorang pengusaha bernama Bobby Nasution. Ia melahirkan anak perempuan yang diberi nama Sedah Mirah Nasution pada 1 Agustus 2018.[9] Anak kedua diberi nama Panembahan Al Nahyan Nasution (lahir tahun 2020), dan anak ketiga diberi nama Panembahan Al Saud Nasution (lahir tahun 2022).

Muhammad Bobby Afif Nasution (lahir 5 Juli 1991)[10] adalah menantu kedua Joko Widodo dan suami dari anak kedua Jokowi, Kahiyang Ayu. Ia merupakan alumnus dari Institut Pertanian Bogor dalam jurusan Agribisnis di Fakultas Ekonomi dan Manajemen dan keturunan dari Raja Gunung Baringin Nasution, Panyabungan Timur, Mandailing Natal.[10]

Pada 25 September 2019, ia resmi lulus S2 dari Institut Pertanian Bogor dengan predikat "Memuaskan", bersama-sama dengan istrinya, Kahiyang Ayu. Ia mencalonkan diri dan memenangkan jabatan sebagai Walikota Medan.[11]

Kaesang Pangarep (lahir 25 Desember 1994)[12] adalah putra bungsu dari Joko Widodo. Sejak SMA, Kaesang mengikuti jejak kakak tertuanya Gibran untuk melanjutkan pendidikannya di Singapura.[13] Kaesang Pangarep telah lulus dari Anglo-Chinese School (International) pada November 2014. Ia bermain dalam film Cek Toko Sebelah pada tahun 2016.[14]

Erina Sofia Gudono (lahir 11 Desember 1996) adalah menantu ketiga Joko Widodo dan istri dari anak bungsu Jokowi, Kaesang Pangarep. Lahir di Pennsylvania, Amerika Serikat, ia adalah anak ketiga dari empat bersaudara yang tumbuh di Yogyakarta. Ia merupakan finalis Puteri Indonesia perwakilan dari Provinsi Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta dan berhasil masuk 11 Besar Puteri Indonesia 2022. Ia merupakan lulusan S1 Manajemen Keuangan Universitas Gadjah Mada. Usai lulus dari UGM, Erina melanjutkan pendidikan Master of Public Administration di Columbia University, Amerika Serikat. Ia menikah dengan Kaesang Pangarep pada 10 Desember 2022.[15]

Orang tua Jokowi adalah Widjiatno Notomihardjo (ayah, 30 Desember 1940 – 23 Juli 2000) dan Sudjiatmi (ibu, 15 Februari 1943 – 25 Maret 2020[16]). Keduanya adalah teman saat remaja yang kemudian menikah. Sudjiatmi keturunan petani Jawa sementara Widjiatno Notomihardjo adalah keturunan Lurah Karanganyar, namun keduanya hidup sulit setelah menikah muda dan putus sekolah.[17]

Kakeknya dari pihak ayah bernama Lamidi Wiryo Miharjo adalah kepala desa yang memimpin Desa Kragan. Ia terkenal dengan panggilan Lurah Dongkol. Noto Mihardjo adalah anak pertama dari Lamidi Wiryo Miharjo dan Painem, selain saudaranya yang lain Wahyono, H. Mulyono Herlambang, Joko Sudarsono dan Heru Purnomo. Sementara dari silsilah ibu, Sudjiatmi, adalah anak pedagang kayu di Gumukrejo, Kelurahan Giriroto, Kecamatan Ngemplak Boyolali bernama Wirorejo dan pasangannya Sani.[18][19]

Jokowi memiliki tiga adik perempuan, bernama Iit Sriyantini, Ida Yati, dan Titik Relawati. Ia sebenarnya memiliki seorang adik laki-laki bernama Joko Lukito, namun meninggal saat persalinan.[17]

Jokowi memiliki paman bernama Mulyono Herlambang. Ia meninggal di Jeddah, Arab Saudi pada 2 Januari 2019 saat menjalankan umrah.[20] Jokowi juga memiliki paman bernama Miyono Suryasardjono. Ia meninggal di Rumah Sakit Slamet Riyadi TNI AD pada 28 Februari 2022.[21]

Ignatius Didit Supriyadi dan Fransiska Sri Partini adalah mertua dari Gibran, orang tua dari Selvi. Kedua orang tua Selvi yang Katolik menjalankan usaha warung makan sambal belut di Solo.[3] Ignatius Didit Supriyadi meninggal pada 3 April 2018.[22][23] Dita Andini adalah saudari dari Selvi Ananda dan putri dari Didit dan Partini. Ia menikah dengan Dendy Purbowo[23] dan memiliki anak bernama Saafia Azni Purbowo.[24]

Erwin Nasution dan Ade Hanifah Siregar adalah mertua dari Kahiyang, orang tua dari Bobby.[25] Erwin sempat menjabat sebagai Direktur Utama PT Perkebunan Nusantara (Persero).[26]

Poppy Dewinta adalah kakak dari Bobby dan putri sulung dari Erwin dan Ade.[27] Inge Amelia adalah kakak dari Bobby, adik dari Poppy dan putri kedua dari Erwin dan Ade. Ia masuk Partai Nasdem dan merupakan anggota DPRD termuda di Sumatera Utara periode 2014-2017.[28]

Benny Sinomba Siregar merupakan paman Bobby dari pihak ibunya. Ia mula-mula menjabat sebagai Kepala Dinas Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Kota Medan dan kemudian menjadi Pelaksana Harian (Plh) Sekretaris Daerah (Sekda) Medan.[29]

Mohammad Gudono dan Sofiatun Gudono adalah mertua dari Kaesang, orangtua Erina. Mohamad Gudono merupakan dosen Fakultas Ekonomika dan Bisnis Universitas Gajah Mada pada Departemen Akuntansi. Lahir di Semarang pada 26 Mei 1963, Mohamad Gudono meninggal dunia pada Jumat, 22 Juli 2016 di RSCM Jakarta Pusat karena mengidap serangan jantung.[30] Sofiatun Gudono juga merupakan seorang dosen dan masuk jurusan Manajemen saat kuliah. Ia merupakan dosen sekaligus rektor dari salah satu kampus ternama Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Ekonomi (STIE) Mitra Indonesia. Ia juga terkenal sebagai seorang pengusaha dan bisnis butik bernama Sophie Boutique yang terkenal di Yogyakarta hingga ke luar negeri.[31]

Erina Gudono juga memiliki kakak laki-laki bernama Allen Gudono yang menjadi wali nikahnya,[30] kakak perempuan bernama Nadia Gudono dan adik perempuan bernama Shania Gudono.[32]

Hari Mulyono adalah suami dari Idayati, adik Joko Widodo. Ia memiliki dua anak, Septiara Silvani Putri dan Adityo Rimbo Galih Samudra, serta seorang menantu, Joko Priyambodo (suami Septiara). Ia meninggal pada 24 September 2018 pada usia 58 tahun.[33] Pada 26 Mei 2022, Idayati menikah lagi dengan Ketua Mahkamah Konstitusi Anwar Usman.[34]

Arif Budi Sulistyo adalah suami dari Titik Relawati, adik bungsu Joko Widodo. Salah satu putranya, Bagaskara Ikhlasulla Arif, menjadi Manager Non-Government Relations di PT Pertamina (Persero), setelah sebelumnya sempat menjabat di PT Bank Rakyat Indonesia, dan menikah dengan Ima Qoyyimah.[35]

Haryanto atau Anto adalah kakak dari Iriana, istri Joko Widodo. Ia dikabarkan bekerja sebagai guru olahraga di SMPN 10 Surakarta setelah sebelumnya dipindahkan dari SMPN 19 Surakarta pada tahun 2015 akibat sistem zonasi guru.[36] Haryanto memiliki putra bernama Rio Nur Desnanto yang sempat mendanai pengaspalan jalan penghubung antara Banyuanyar, Kota Solo dengan Kecamatan Colomadu, Kabupaten Karanganyar, Jawa Tengah dengan dana sejumlah Rp 600 juta.[37]

Arif Budi Sulistyo adalah adik dari Iriana. Pada 2017, ia tersangkut kasus suap pejabat pajak.[38]

Wahyu Purwanto juga merupakan adik dari Iriana. Pada 2020, ia mundur dari Pemilihan umum Bupati Gunungkidul 2020.[39] Ia juga merupakan kader dari Partai Nasional Demokrat.

Selimah Inem Thursina adalah ibu angkat Jokowi saat Jokowi bekerja di PT Kerta Kraft Aceh dari 1986 sampai 1989 dan bermukim di Kampung Bale Atu, Kabupaten Bener Meriah, Aceh. Pada 16 Februari 2019, Selimah meninggal pada usia 68 tahun di RSUD Datu Beru, Kota Takengon, Kabupaten Aceh Tengah akibat sakit kanker hati.[40]

Nurdin adalah suami dari Selimah Inem Thursina, ibu angkat dari Jokowi saat berada di Aceh.[40]

Where was Joko Widodo educated?

Joko Widodo attended Gadjah Mada University in Yogyakarta, Java, Indonesia, from which he graduated (1985) with a degree in forestry engineering.

Joko Widodo (born June 21, 1961, Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia) is an Indonesian businessman, politician, and government official who served as governor of Jakarta (2012–14) and as president of Indonesia (2014–24). Joko Widodo, commonly called Jokowi, who attracted international attention with his populist style of campaigning and his anticorruption platform, became the first Indonesian president who did not have a military background or belong to one of the country’s prominent political families. His success at the polls was initially viewed by many analysts as marking the beginning of a new, more democratic era of Indonesian politics.

By the end of his presidential tenure, Jokowi’s reputation was mixed. He had led Indonesia to largely eradicate extreme poverty and become Southeast Asia’s first trillion-dollar economy. However, despite being considered a champion of democracy early on in his career, he later faced widespread accusations of undermining Indonesia’s democratic institutions. He had also poured vast sums of money into Nusantara, a controversial and incomplete new capital city. Nonetheless, he left office with an approval rating of 75 percent.

Ex-general with dark past set to be Indonesia leader

Prabowo Subianto, who is dogged by allegations of rights abuses, appears on course to win the presidency.

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What did Joko Widodo accomplish?

Joko Widodo was a successful businessman before entering politics. As governor of Jakarta (2012–14), he launched programs aimed at improving Jakartans’ access to health care and education. Elected president of Indonesia in 2014, he emphasized helping the poor by improving public services, implementing land reforms, and developing more affordable housing, among other measures.

Early life and education

Jokowi was born Mulyono at Brayat Minulya General Hospital in Surakarta, on 21 June 1961.[25][26][27] Jokowi is of Javanese heritage. He is the only son of Widjiatno Notomihardjo and Sudjiatmi and the eldest of four siblings. His father came from Karanganyar, while his grandparents came from a village in Boyolali.[28] His three younger sisters are Iit Sriyantini, Idayati, and Titik Relawati.[29][30] Jokowi was often sick as a toddler, and his name was thus changed—a common practice in Javanese culture—to Joko Widodo, with widodo meaning "healthy" in Javanese.[26] At the age of 12, he started working in his father's furniture workshop.[31][32] Jokowi's family lived in three different rented homes (one of which the government declared condemned property) during his youth, which greatly affected him. Later, he organized low income housing in Surakarta during his years as mayor of that city.[33]

Jokowi's education began at State Elementary School 111 Tirtoyoso, an ordinary public school.[34] He continued his studies at State Junior High School 1 Surakarta.[35] Later, he wanted to attend State Senior High School 1 Surakarta, but did not score high enough in the entrance exam. Therefore, he enrolled in the newer State Senior High School 6 in that city.[36]

After graduating from university, Jokowi began working at PT Kertas Kraft Aceh [id] (KKA), a state-owned firm in Aceh, Sumatra.[37] He worked in the present-day Bener Meriah Regency between 1986 and 1988 as a supervisor of forestry and raw materials at a Sumatran pine plantation.[38][39] However, Jokowi soon lost interest in the firm and returned home. He worked in his grandfather's furniture factory for a year before establishing his own company, Rakabu, whose namesake is his first child. He obtained his initial capital from a Rp 15 million investment from his father and a bank loan. The company, which mainly focused on teak furniture, nearly went bankrupt at one point but survived following an IDR 500 million loan from Perusahaan Gas Negara. By 1991, the company began exporting its products, and they were successful in international markets. The firm first established a presence in the European market in France, and it was a French customer named Bernard who gave Joko Widodo the nickname "Jokowi".[37][40][5]

By 2002, Jokowi had become the chairman of Surakarta's furniture manufacturers association.[5] Ultimately he decided to become a politician and promote reform in his home town, Surakarta, after seeing the neat layouts of some European cities while promoting his furniture there.[32] After becoming mayor, he also made a joint venture with politician and former lieutenant general Luhut Binsar Pandjaitan, when the two founded PT Rakabu Sejahtera (from Rakabu and Luhut's PT Toba Sejahtera).[41][42]

In 2018, Jokowi reported his net worth to be Rp 50.25 billion (US$3.5 million), mostly in the form of property holdings in Central Java and Jakarta.[43]

After first joining PDI-P in 2004, Jokowi ran in the mayoral race in Surakarta in 2005 with F. X. Hadi Rudyatmo as his running mate, with the support of PDI-P and the National Awakening Party.[44][45] The pair won 36.62% of the vote against the incumbent Slamet Suryanto and two other candidates. During the campaign, many questioned his background as a property and furniture businessman. However, one academic paper claimed his leadership style was successful because it established an interactive relationship with the people, through which he was able to induce people's strong faith in him.[46] He adopted the development framework of European cities (which he frequently travelled to as a businessman) as a guide for changes in Surakarta.[47]

His notable policies as mayor include[48] building new traditional markets and renovating existing markets, constructing a 7-km city walk with a 3-meter wide pedestrian walkway along Surakarta's main street, revitalising the Balekambang and Sriwedari parks, employing stricter regulations on cutting down trees along the city's main streets, rebranding the city as a centre of Javanese culture and tourism under the tagline "The Spirit of Java", promoting the city as a centre for meetings, incentives, conventions and exhibitions (MICE), launching healthcare and education insurance program for all residents, a local bus rapid transit system named Batik Solo Trans and a Solo Techno Park, which helped support the Esemka Indonesian car project.[49]

It was during his tenure as mayor that he conducted the blusukan, an impromptu visit to specific areas to listen to people's issues, which proved popular later in his political career. He also prohibited his family members from bidding for city projects, therefore suppressing the risk of corruption. His policies brought him into conflict with then provincial governor Bibit Waluyo, who on one occasion called Jokowi a "fool" for the latter's opposition to a provincial construction project in Surakarta.[50]

His supporters pointed to rapid positive changes in Surakarta under his leadership and the city's branding with the motto 'Solo: The Spirit of Java'. While in office, he successfully relocated antique stalls in the Banjarsari Gardens without incident, a helpful move in revitalising the functions of the open green space; he emphasised the importance of business firms engaging in community activities; he improved communications with the local community by appearing regularly on local television. As a follow-up of the city's new branding, he applied for Surakarta to become a member of the Organization of World Heritage Cities, which was approved in 2006, and subsequently had the city chosen to host the organisation's conference in October 2008.[citation needed]

In 2007, Surakarta had also hosted the World Music Festival (Festival Musik Dunia/FMD), held at the complex of Fort Vastenburg near the centre of the city. The following year, it was held in the Mangkunegaran Palace Complex.[citation needed]

Part of Jokowi style was his populist 'can-do' (punya gaye) elements designed to build bonds with the broad electorate.[46] As mayor, he became personally involved in an incident just before Christmas 2011 when the Surakarta municipality had overdue bills of close to $1 million (IDR 8.9 billion) owed to the state-owned electricity company Perusahaan Listrik Negara (PLN).[citation needed]

Following its policy of pursuing a more disciplined approach to collecting overdue bills, it imposed a blackout on street lights in the city just before Christmas. The city government quickly authorised payment, but in settling the bill, protested that the PLN should consider the public interest before taking such action. To reinforce the point, Jokowi made a highly publicised personal visit to the local PLN office to deliver the IDR 8.9 billion in cash in the form of hundreds of bundles of notes and even small coins.[51]

In 2010, he was re-elected for a second term, again running with Hadi. They won 90.09% of the vote, losing in only a single polling station.[52] He was later chosen as the 'Tempo Leader of Choice' by Tempo news magazine (2008) and received a 'Changemakers Award' from Republika newspaper (2010); his name also started being considered in national polls for the governorship of Jakarta, long before PDI-P's nomination, including those by University of Indonesia and Cyrus Network (2011).[46]

In 2012, Jokowi faced a smear campaign after declaring his intention to run for the governorship of Jakarta.[53] A group calling itself Save Solo, Save Jakarta and Save Indonesia Team (TS3) reported him to the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) for allegedly having facilitated misuse of education funds by his subordinates in Surakarta in 2010. The KPK investigated the allegation, found it was based on false data and said there was no indication Jokowi had misappropriated funds.[54]

Despite disappointment from some Surakarta residents that he would not complete his second term as mayor,[55] Jokowi ran in the 2012 Jakarta gubernatorial election and defeated the incumbent Fauzi Bowo in a runoff round.[6] His inner circle of advisers in Jakarta reportedly included people such as F. X. Hadi 'Rudy' Rudyatmo, Sumartono Hadinoto and Anggit Nugroho, who were colleagues while he was mayor of Surakarta, as well as Basuki Tjahaja Purnama ("Ahok"), his deputy as governor of Jakarta.[56][57] Jokowi continued the blusukan practice he had adopted as mayor of Surakarta by regularly visiting population centers, especially slums. During these visits, he wore simple, informal clothes and stopped at markets or walked along narrow Jakarta alleys to listen and witness firsthand issues addressed by residents, such as the price of food, housing difficulties, flooding, and transportation. Polling and media coverage suggested that his hands-on style proved very popular both in Jakarta and elsewhere across Indonesia.[58]

After taking office, taxes and Jakarta's provincial budget increased significantly from IDR 41 trillion in 2012 to IDR 72 trillion in 2014.[59] Both Jokowi and Ahok publicised their monthly salary and the provincial budget.[60][61] They also initiated programs aimed towards transparency, such as online taxes, e-budgeting, e-purchasing, and a cash management system.[60] Moreover, all meetings and activities that Jokowi and Ahok attended were recorded and uploaded on YouTube.[62]

In healthcare, Jokowi introduced a universal health care program, the 'Healthy Jakarta Card' (Kartu Jakarta Sehat, KJS).[63] It involved an insurance program provided through state-owned insurance company PT Askes Indonesia (Persero) and a plan to regulate health charges for treatment for over 20,000 services and procedures.[64] The program was criticised for confusion over details of the implementation and long queues,[65] though Jokowi defended it and counselled patience. In education, Jokowi launched the 'Smart Jakarta Card' (Kartu Jakarta Pintar, KJP) on 1 December 2012 to help needy students. It gives an allowance that can be withdrawn from ATMs for buying school needs such as books and uniforms.[66]

His administration's other notable policies include a system of bureaucratic recruitment called lelang jabatan (literally 'auction of office position'), giving every civil servant the same opportunity to achieve a certain position by fulfilling the required qualifications,[67] regulation of the chaotic agglomeration of street vendors in Pasar Minggu and Pasar Tanah Abang,[68][69] the dredging and reservoir normalisation projects to reduce flooding,[70][71][72] and the inauguration of long-delayed Jakarta MRT and Jakarta LRT.[73][74] As governor, Jokowi also appointed a non-Muslim 'lurah' (subdistrict chief) for the Muslim-majority subdistrict of Lenteng Agung despite protests by some residents.[75] Former deputy governor Prijanto claimed that Jokowi had carried out maladministration when abusing government certificate asset of BMW Park by formalising another expired certificate.[76]

In 2013, Jokowi was reported to the National Commission on Human Rights over the eviction of the squatters near Pluit. In previous "political contracts", he had vowed not to evict residents to distant locations.[77][78] Jokowi met with Pluit residents and Komnas HAM to explain the evictions were necessary for restoring water catchment to reduce flooding and that families were being relocated to low-cost apartments.[79][80]

The media popularity of Jokowi on Indonesian politics and the Indonesian economy has been termed the "Jokowi Effect". When Jokowi was declared as a presidential candidate in the 2014 presidential election it is believed that the popularity of the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle was boosted to 30% in the 2014 legislative election.[81] Meanwhile, in the capital market, the effect is said to have stimulated the Indonesian stock market and Rupiah, because Jokowi was regarded as having a clean track record.[82] The Jokowi Effect was also commonly cited as a reason for Prabowo Subianto's victory in the 2024 Indonesian presidential election.[83][84] Candidates backed by Jokowi – 84 candidates, according to himself[85] – have also received a significant boost in the 2024 Indonesian local elections.[86]

Controversial appointments

Jokowi was strongly criticized after appointing HM Prasetyo as attorney general, because HM Prasetyo is considered not to have sufficient experience in the prosecutor's office and is considered to be entrusted to a political party.[327] He was also considered inconsistent because he appointed Airlangga Hartarto, General Chairman of Golkar as Minister of Industry, after initially asking the minister not to hold concurrent positions as a political party administrator.[328] Previously, Puan Maharani also served as Chair of the PDI-P Central Committee for some time while serving as Coordinating Minister for Human Development and Cultural Affairs.

Jokowi again attracted widespread controversy and protests from various elements of society when he proposed Commissioner General Budi Gunawan to the DPR in mid-January 2015 as the sole candidate for National Police Chief. Budi Gunawan was considered as having a bad record of being a police and was once an aide to former president Megawati Sukarnoputri which was considered as politics of "returning favor." A day before he was confirmed as a candidate by the DPR, he was named a suspect by the Corruption Eradication Commission in the alleged fat bank account case. President Jokowi then decided to postpone his inauguration as National Police Chief until the legal process involving Budi Gunawan was completed and appointed Deputy National Police Chief Commissioner General Badrodin Haiti to carry out the daily duties of National Police Chief.[329] In the end, Badrodin Haiti was officially appointed as National Police Chief by President Jokowi on April 17, 2015,[330] then replaced by Tito Karnavian, while Budi Gunawan assumed the position of Head of BIN.[331] Because of his decision to not nominate Budi Gunawan as a candidate for the Chief of the National police, he was jeered by PDI-P party cadres.[332]

Jokowi was accused of dynastic politics at the end of his reign.[333] This accusation arose after his eldest son, Gibran Rakabuming Raka ran as a vice presidential candidate alongside presidential candidate Prabowo Subianto in the 2024 presidential election, following the Constitutional Court's decision with its chairman Anwar Usman who is Jokowi's brother-in-law. Apart from that, this accusation is also increasingly being exaggerated when other Jokowi family such as Bobby Nasution are planning to take part in the 2024 general election for Governor of North Sumatra, Kaesang Pangarep is a potential candidate to replace his older brother Gibran as mayor of Surakarta, as well as Erina Gudono, Kaesang's wife, who is said to be running in the 2024 Sleman Regent general election.[334][333] Jokowi was also accused of nepotism and undermining "people's sovereignty".[335] Tempo magazine accused Jokowi dynasty politics of destroying democracy in Indonesia. Tempo also wrote that Jokowi's interference in the 2024 Indonesian presidential election was a form of Jokowi's effort to protect him from legal consequences.[336] This culminated in the 2024 Indonesian local election law protests after an attempt by the House of Representatives to drafting a bill on regional head elections (Pilkada) that contradicts the Constitutional Court's ruling and power.[337]

general election

Megawati Sukarnoputri nominated Jokowi to be the presidential candidate of her party.[11] During the campaign, a social media volunteer team, JASMEV, once made a provocative statement by threatening that Islam would not be given a space in Indonesia if Jokowi won the 2014 election.[87][88] The group was paid IDR 500 million to campaign for the Joko Widodo-Jusuf Kalla ticket during the 2014 election.[89]

Following the release of Quick Count results from many different polls, Jokowi declared victory on 9 July. However, his opponent Prabowo also declared victory, creating confusion among the population.[90] On 22 July, hours before the announcement of the election results, Prabowo withdrew.[91] Jokowi's victory was expected and realised hours later.[92][91] The General Elections Commission (KPU) gave him a close victory with 53.15% of the vote (almost 71 million votes), to Prabowo's 46.85% (62 million votes),[93] though Prabowo's camp disputed these totals.[94]

After his victory, Jokowi stated that growing up under the authoritarian and corrupt New Order regime, he would have never expected someone with a lower-class background to become president. The New York Times reported him as saying, "now, it's quite similar to America, yeah? There is the American dream, and here we have the Indonesian dream".[95] Jokowi was the first Indonesian president outside the military or the political elite, and the political commentator Salim Said gave the popular view of the politician as "someone who is our neighbour, who decided to get into politics and run for president".[95]

What was Joko Widodo’s first occupation?

Prior to becoming Indonesia’s president, Joko Widodo worked for a state-owned pulp mill in the Aceh region of northern Sumatra and later established his own furniture factory in Surakarta. By 2002 he had become a highly successful furniture exporter and chairman of a local branch of the country’s influential furniture manufacturers’ association.